Calculus is one of the most powerful and versatile tools that engineers and physicists use to model, analyze, and solve various problems in their fields. In this blog article, we will explore some of the amazing uses of calculus in engineering and physics, and see how it helps us understand and manipulate the natural world.
Physics
Physics is the science that studies matter, energy, and their interactions. Physics covers many topics, such as mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics, quantum mechanics, and relativity. Calculus helps us describe and predict the behavior of physical phenomena such as motion, gravity, light, sound, heat, electricity, and magnetism. Calculus also helps us develop mathematical models that explain how forces and objects interact at different scales and levels. Some examples of how calculus is used in physics are:
- Classical mechanics: Calculus is used to study the motion of objects under various forces and conditions. For example, we can use calculus to find the position, velocity, and acceleration of a projectile launched at an angle with respect to time. We can also use calculus to find the optimal angle and speed for maximum range or height. For instance, if we want to throw a ball as far as possible on a flat ground with no air resistance, we can use calculus to find that the optimal angle is 45 degrees and the optimal speed is proportional to the square root of the acceleration due to gravity.
- Electrodynamics: Calculus is used to study the causes and effects of electric and magnetic fields on charges and currents. For example, we can use calculus to find the electric potential or field due to a point charge or a distribution of charges. We can also use calculus to find the magnetic flux or field due to a current loop or a solenoid. One example of an application of electrodynamics that uses calculus is the electric motor, which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy by using the interaction of magnetic fields and electric currents.
- Thermodynamics: Calculus is used to study the relationship between heat, temperature, pressure, and volume in various systems. For example, we can use calculus to find the entropy change or efficiency of a heat engine or a refrigerator.Â
- Harmonics: An oscillation created by a damped harmonic is not infinite, as friction and air resistance will dissipate the energy. Calculus can be used to find the amplitude and frequency of the oscillation as a function of time, as well as the rate of decay of the energy. This can help us understand how musical instruments produce sound and how to tune them.
Engineering
Engineering is the application of science and mathematics to design, build, and operate systems, structures, and machines that serve a specific purpose. Engineering involves many disciplines, such as civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical, aerospace, and biomedical engineering. Calculus is widely used in engineering to optimize and summarize various aspects of design, such as shape, size, force, stress, heat, and motion. Calculus also helps engineers calculate the rates of change in various phenomena, such as radioactive decay, birth and death rates, and fluid flow. Some examples of how calculus is used in engineering are:
- Structural engineering: Calculus is used to calculate heat loss in buildings, forces in complex structural configurations, and structural analysis in seismic design requirements. Architects use calculus to determine the amount of materials required for constructing support systems that can withstand stress over long periods of time. In the one-time tallest building in the world, Taipei 101, calculus was used to calculate the weight of the tuned mass damper that would stabilize the building against high winds and earthquakes.
- Civil engineering: When designing bridges, civil engineers need to consider three structural elements: beams, tension, and compression members. Using calculus, we can determine the amount of force acting on the beam including the weight of pedestrians, the weight of vehicles, and the amount of traffic anticipated on that bridge. Based on these factors, the materials, size, and capacity can be computed.Â
- Electrical engineering: Integral and differential calculus is crucial for calculating voltage or current through a capacitor. Integral calculus is also a main consideration in calculating the exact length of a power cable necessary for connecting substations that are miles apart from each other. For example, if we want to connect two substations with a power cable that has a known resistance and capacitance, we can use integral calculus to find the length of the cable that minimizes the power loss.
- Ship design: Calculus can help us optimize the shape and size of a ship’s hull to minimize drag and maximize stability. For example, calculus can be used to find the optimal angle of attack for a ship’s bow, which is the angle between the waterline and the keel. This can affect the speed, fuel efficiency, and maneuverability of the ship.
- Electric motors: Calculus can help us design and operate an electric motor, which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy by using the interaction of magnetic fields and electric currents. For example, calculus can be used to find the torque and power output of a motor as a function of the current and voltage applied to it. This can help us control the speed and direction of rotation of the motor.
Conclusion
Calculus is not only a fascinating and challenging subject, but also a practical and powerful one. It has countless applications in engineering and physics that affect our lives in many ways. By learning calculus, you can not only improve your mathematical skills and logical thinking, but also expand your horizons and opportunities. So don’t be afraid of calculus, embrace it and enjoy it! You never know when it might come in handy!
